Gas, Grids and Green Hydrogen: Mapping Africa’s Diverse Energy Future

Africa’s energy landscape is at a pivotal crossroads. Rich in natural resources, the continent has historically relied heavily on fossil fuels—primarily natural gas, oil, and coal—to power its economies. Yet, as global commitments to reduce carbon emissions intensify, Africa is increasingly exploring how to balance its traditional energy assets with innovative, sustainable paradigms—particularly through the development of green hydrogen, expanded grids, and cleaner gas utilisation. This evolving energy future aims to harness Africa’s vast renewable resources while managing the socio-economic and environmental challenges inherent in transitioning away from fossil fuels.

The Current Energy Composition and Challenges

Africa’s energy profile is characterised by a heavy dependence on fossil fuels. North African nations like Algeria and Egypt rely on natural gas and oil, supporting both domestic needs and export economies. Sub-Saharan countries, on the other hand, depend heavily on biomass, hydropower, and increasingly, coal. Despite abundant renewable resources—such as solar radiation, wind, and hydro—the continent’s renewable energy share remains modest, with only about 11% of its potential harnessed.
This reliance on fossil fuels has provided a foundation for industrialisation and economic growth. However, it also exposes African economies to volatile global oil and gas markets, climate change impacts, and the pressing need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The challenge lies in transforming this energy mix into a more sustainable, resilient system without jeopardising economic development or energy access.

The Rise of Green Hydrogen: A Paradigm Shift

One of the most transformative developments in Africa’s energy future is the potential of green hydrogen. Produced through electrolysis powered exclusively by renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, green hydrogen offers a pathway to decarbonise sectors that are difficult to electrify—heavy industry, transportation, and power storage.
Several African countries—Morocco, Egypt, Nigeria-Ghana, Ethiopia-Djibouti—are already identified as key players in the emerging green hydrogen economy. Their vast renewable resources, including high solar irradiance and strong wind currents, position them as prime candidates for large-scale green hydrogen production. For example, Morocco’s solar complexes and Ethiopia’s wind corridors could generate low-cost, high-volume hydrogen, which can be exported to Europe and other markets.
This shift from fossil fuels to green hydrogen signifies a dual opportunity: reducing Africa’s carbon footprint and creating new economic avenues. Countries can leverage hydrogen exports to diversify income sources, attract foreign investment, and foster industrialisation—all while contributing to global climate goals.

Gas and Grids: The Transition and Infrastructure Development

While the emphasis on green hydrogen grows, natural gas remains a vital component of Africa’s energy mix, especially for industrial processes like fertiliser and steel production. It serves as a transitional fuel, supporting economic activity while the continent scales up renewable capacity.
At the same time, expanding and modernising electricity grids is crucial. Africa’s vast renewable potential exceeds current demand, but without robust grid infrastructure, this potential remains untapped. Developing interconnected grids—both within countries and across borders—will facilitate the integration of renewables and support hydrogen production and distribution.
Innovative use of existing gas pipelines offers a strategic advantage. Many pipelines are being repurposed or upgraded to transport hydrogen, creating cost-effective pathways for regional energy trade. Projects like the proposed North Africa–Europe hydrogen corridors aim to connect production hubs in Morocco, Egypt, and Tunisia with European demand centres, strengthening energy security and fostering economic cooperation.

Balancing Fossil Fuels with a Sustainable Future

Africa’s energy transition is not merely about replacing fossil fuels but about creating a resilient, diversified system that balances current needs with future sustainability. This involves:

• Leveraging Natural Resources: Exploiting solar, wind, and water resources to produce green hydrogen and expand renewable generation.

• Modernising Infrastructure: Upgrading grids and pipelines for efficient energy transfer, including repurposing existing gas infrastructure.

• Sustainable Water Management: Addressing water scarcity by integrating desalination, wastewater reuse, and efficient water use in hydrogen production processes.

• Policy and Investment: Develop supportive policies, incentives, and international partnerships to mobilise investments and ensure technology transfer.

Challenges and Opportunities

Transitioning from a fossil-fuel-centric energy system to a green, hydrogen-powered future involves significant hurdles. High capital costs for infrastructure, water scarcity, technological readiness, and geopolitical risks pose real challenges. Political instability and inconsistent regulatory frameworks can delay projects and deter investment.
However, the opportunities are equally compelling. Green hydrogen can unlock a new era of economic diversification, job creation, and regional integration. Africa’s low-cost renewable resources give it a competitive edge globally. Strategic collaborations—such as the European Union’s green hydrogen initiatives and regional projects—can accelerate development and ensure that Africa benefits from the global shift toward cleaner energy.

Conclusion: A Delicate Balance and a Bright Horizon

Africa’s energy future hinges on its ability to judiciously balance its fossil fuel legacy with the promise of renewable energy and green hydrogen. By incrementally phasing out reliance on traditional fuels and investing in sustainable infrastructure, the continent can secure energy access, reduce emissions, and foster inclusive economic growth.
The path forward demands coordinated efforts among governments, international partners, industry stakeholders, and local communities. With strategic planning, technological innovation, and sustainable practices, Africa can emerge as a key player in the global green energy transition—transforming its vast natural resources into a catalyst for a cleaner, more resilient future.